{"id":1018,"date":"2023-04-07T15:15:01","date_gmt":"2023-04-07T15:15:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecosistematica.org\/?p=1018"},"modified":"2023-04-07T15:15:05","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T15:15:05","slug":"tritonul-amfibieni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecosistematica.org\/index.php\/2023\/04\/07\/tritonul-amfibieni\/","title":{"rendered":"Tritonul, mit sau realitate?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

De\u0219i este un cuv\u00e2nt cunoscut, speciile de triton sunt aproape total ne\u0219tiute publicului. Asocierea pe care o face majoritatea este cu Mica Siren\u0103 sau cu diferite mituri, dar prea pu\u021bini cu ce este tritonul, de fapt: un amfibian<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tritonii sunt r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u021bi pe tot teritoriul Europei \u0219i sunt printre primele vertebrate adaptate vie\u021bii pe uscat, dup\u0103 o evolu\u021bie de circa 350 de milioane de ani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tritonul comun este \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een fiecare jude\u021b din Rom\u00e2nia, fiind u\u0219or de v\u0103zut \u00een zonele umede, at\u00e2t la nivelul m\u0103rii, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een mun\u021bi. Cel mai des, prim\u0103vara sunt observa\u021bi \u00een apropierea b\u0103l\u021bilor, deoarece intr\u0103 \u00een ele pentru a se reproduce. Totodat\u0103, via\u021ba lor este dependent\u0103 de umiditate, a\u0219a c\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een mediul cu umiditatea c\u00e2t mai ridicat\u0103. Num\u0103rul lor \u00een \u021bara noastr\u0103 se ridic\u0103 la c\u00e2teva sute de mii de exemplare. Important de \u0219tiut este c\u0103 ace\u0219tia au un caracter total inofensiv, specia fiind neveninoas\u0103 \u0219i neagresiv\u0103. Tritonul se afl\u0103 la baza lan\u021bului trofic pentru alte animale pr\u0103d\u0103toare \u0219i consum\u0103 la r\u00e2ndul lui crustacee mici \u0219i larve de \u021b\u00e2n\u021bari, precum \u0219i alte nevertebrate \u0219i chiar ou\u0103 de broa\u0219te. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"tritonul
Via\u021ba tritonului este dependent\u0103 de umiditate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cum se transform\u0103 un triton?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tritonii au un proces de reproducere u\u0219or atipic, care poate fascina. \u00cent\u00e2i, masculul manifest\u0103 un joc ceremonial \u00een fa\u021ba femelei, cu o durat\u0103 de c\u00e2teva minute, urm\u00e2nd s\u0103 depun\u0103 spermatoforul. Femela \u00eel aspir\u0103 \u0219i dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva zile depune ou\u0103le pe plante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tritonii depun ou\u0103 prinse izolat \u00een vegeta\u021bie, care sunt supuse loteriei mediului \u2013 dac\u0103 temperaturile sunt prielnice \u0219i supravie\u021buiesc, acestea se transform\u0103 \u00een larve, ni\u0219te f\u0103pturi minuscule. Lupta pentru via\u021b\u0103 \u00eencepe chiar de atunci, pentru c\u0103 tritonii adul\u021bi au tendin\u021ba s\u0103-i m\u0103n\u00e2nce, deci mormolocii se izoleaz\u0103 de ace\u0219tia. Sunt asem\u0103n\u0103tori cu larvele de pe\u0219te, dota\u021bi cu branhii, \u00eens\u0103 natura urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 le dea ceva spre distinc\u021bia lor: picioru\u0219e, at\u00e2t anterioare, c\u00e2t \u0219i posterioare. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metamorfoza lor este \u00eentregit\u0103 odat\u0103 cu pierderea branhiilor \u0219i dob\u00e2ndirea pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor pentru adaptarea la mediul terestru, \u00eens\u0103 men\u021bin\u00e2ndu-\u0219i totodat\u0103 respira\u021bia prin piele pentru mediul lor mam\u0103, cel acvatic. Atunci c\u00e2nd p\u0103r\u0103sesc apa, devin fiin\u021be crepuscular-nocturne, uneori confundabile cu \u0219op\u00e2rlele, de\u0219i sunt mai degrab\u0103 \u00eenrudi\u021bi cu salamandrele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un fenomen mai rar, numit neotenie, are loc \u00een ap\u0103, c\u00e2nd tritonii ating maturitatea sexual\u0103, dar r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een faza larvar\u0103, cu branhii externe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Majoritatea speciilor nu tr\u0103iesc \u00een ap\u0103 dec\u00e2t 3-4 luni din an, timp \u00een care are loc \u0219i reproducerea. Se consider\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een natur\u0103 tritonii tr\u0103iesc \u00eentre 1 \u0219i 8 ani, iar \u00een spa\u021bii amenajate p\u00e2n\u0103 la 25. Diferen\u021ba aceasta vorbe\u0219te de la sine despre num\u0103rul mare de pericole \u0219i adversit\u0103\u021bi pe care le \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 aceast\u0103 specie \u00een libertate, c\u00e2nd ar avea un poten\u021bial genetic mult mai mare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"mormoloc
Mormolocii de triton sunt asem\u0103n\u0103tori cu larvele de pe\u0219te<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cum arat\u0103?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Speciile de tritoni din \u021bara noastr\u0103 au o lungime care variaz\u0103 \u00eentre 5 \u0219i 20 cm, tritonul comun fiind o specie mic\u0103, cu dimensiuni cuprinse \u00eentre 5 \u0219i 11 cm. Coloritul dorsal al masculului este verde-m\u0103sliniu sau cafeniu cu pete dese \u00eentunecate, iar cel ventral este g\u0103lbui, albicios sau rozaliu, pe mijloc remarc\u00e2ndu-se o por\u021biune ro\u0219iatic\u0103 sau portocalie cu pete \u00eentunecate. Pe cap prezint\u0103 cinci benzi negre longitudinale.  Femela este colorat\u0103 relativ uniform \u00een nuan\u021be de cenu\u0219iu sau cafeniu. Creasta este prezent\u0103 numai la masculi \u0219i doar \u00een timpul perioadei de reproducere, ca factor de impresionare al femelelor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"triton
\u00cen poza se vad diferin\u021be \u00eentre mascul \u021bi femela<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Amenin\u021b\u0103ri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Omul intervine \u00een dinamica naturii pentru diversele lui interese, care rareori vin \u00een sprijinul ecosistemului, a\u0219a c\u0103 principala amenin\u021bare pentru tritoni const\u0103 \u00een distrugerea habitatelor naturale de care depind ace\u0219tia. Pe parcursul \u00eentregului ciclu de via\u021b\u0103, depind de trei habitate: pentru reproducere, pentru hr\u0103nire \u0219i pentru iernare. Astfel, au loc c\u00e2teva migra\u021bii, dou\u0103 dintre acestea mai mari: una dinspre habitatele de iernare, terestre, c\u0103tre cele de reproducere, acvatice, care are loc la finalul iernii – \u00eenceputul prim\u0103verii; una dinspre habitatele de reproducere spre cele de iernare, care are loc toamna c\u00e2nd juvenilii vor p\u0103r\u0103si habitatele acvatice pentru via\u021ba terestr\u0103. Tritonii adul\u021bi vor p\u0103r\u0103si apa dup\u0103 \u00eencheierea reproducerii, \u00eendrept\u00e2ndu-se spre habitate terestre care ofer\u0103 refugii adecvate \u0219i resurse trofice. Distrugerea \u0219i degradarea zonelor umede, mai ales prin fragmentarea \u0219i separarea habitatelor, le \u00eengreuneaz\u0103 mecanismul de reproducere \u0219i \u00eei pun pe fug\u0103, \u00eentr-un fel sau altul. Folosindu-se de picioru\u0219ele mici, ace\u0219tia caut\u0103 instinctiv s\u0103 ajung\u0103 \u00eentr-un loc bun pentru ei, motiv pentru care pot fi z\u0103ri\u021bi \u00een jurul str\u0103zilor, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd s\u0103 le traverseze sau doar s\u0103 se \u00eenc\u0103lzeasc\u0103 prin intermediul lor. S\u0103 ne amintim c\u0103 amfibienii au s\u00e2ngele rece, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i caut\u0103 o surs\u0103 de c\u0103ldur\u0103. Dup\u0103 iure\u0219ul ma\u0219inilor de zi cu zi, asfaltul este suficient de \u00eenc\u0103lzit pentru tritoni. Ne\u0219tiind c\u0103 urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie strivi\u021bi de ro\u021bile gr\u0103bite, se a\u0219az\u0103 ca pe un pat comod \u0219i sigur, cel mai adesea pe timpul \u00eenser\u0103rii. Prin urmare, principalii lor du\u0219mani sunt oamenii, care \u00eei alung\u0103 din mediul lor sau \u00eei for\u021beaz\u0103 s\u0103 traverseze drumuri pentru a putea ajunge \u00een habitat \u0219i ulterior \u00eei calc\u0103 pe drum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"tritonul
Principala amenin\u021bare pentru tritoni const\u0103 \u00een distrugerea habitatelor naturale de care depind ace\u0219tia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ce putem face pentru tritoni?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen mod evident, inten\u021bia noastr\u0103 nu este s\u0103 m\u0103cel\u0103rim o specie despre care nu \u0219tim, majoritatea dintre noi, nimic. Scopul acestui articol este s\u0103 facem cunoscute aceste f\u0103pturi care tr\u0103iesc mai aproape de noi dec\u00e2t credem \u0219i care sf\u00e2r\u0219esc \u00eentr-un num\u0103r mare din cauza ne\u0219tiin\u021bei noastre. Ca simpli oameni gr\u0103bi\u021bi cu treburile cotidiene, putem doar s\u0103 fim mai aten\u021bi \u00een jur, s\u0103 ne rupem poate un minut s\u0103 mut\u0103m vreo fiin\u021b\u0103 r\u0103t\u0103cit\u0103 sau s\u0103 reducem viteza dac\u0103 nu avem suficient\u0103 vizibilitate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mai important totu\u0219i, poate chiar mai realizabil, r\u0103m\u00e2ne educa\u021bia popula\u021biei. Informa\u021bia r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 produce schimbare, indiferent c\u00e2t de mic\u0103. Numim, \u00een acest sens, ni\u0219te idealuri care sper\u0103m s\u0103 fie atinse \u00eentr-o zi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. aplicarea unor m\u0103suri de protejare \u0219i conservare a habitatelor acvatice pe perioada de reproducere \u0219i dezvoltare larvar\u0103, \u00een special \u00een zonele urbane \u0219i periurbane, unde presiunea asupra faunei s\u0103lbatice este mai pregnant\u0103 \u0219i \u00een cre\u0219tere<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. crearea de noi habitate \u00een zonele cu poten\u021bial<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. aplicarea unor m\u0103suri de reducere a mortalit\u0103\u021bii rutiere<\/a>\u00a0 \u2013 realizarea unei infrastructuri rutiere adecvate; monitorizarea habitatelor din preajma drumurilor \u0219i interven\u021bia cu ajutorul voluntarilor \u00een perioada migra\u021biilor pentru a facilita tritonilor, dar \u0219i altor amfibieni, traversarea c\u0103ilor rutiere \u00eenspre\/dinspre habitatele acvatice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Acestea fiind spuse, sper\u0103m s\u0103 se re\u021bin\u0103 despre aceast\u0103 specie nu doar c\u0103 este inofensiv\u0103 \u0219i nu avem motive s\u0103 \u00eei facem r\u0103u, dar este chiar util\u0103 ecosistemului \u0219i am aduce un strop de \u00een\u021belepciune prin protejarea acesteia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"tritonul<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    De\u0219i este un cuv\u00e2nt cunoscut, speciile de triton sunt aproape total ne\u0219tiute publicului. Asocierea pe care o face majoritatea este cu Mica Siren\u0103 sau cu diferite mituri, dar prea pu\u021bini cu ce este tritonul, de fapt: un amfibian. Tritonii sunt r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u021bi pe tot teritoriul Europei \u0219i sunt printre primele vertebrate adaptate vie\u021bii pe uscat, dup\u0103 o evolu\u021bie de circa 350 de milioane de ani. Tritonul comun este \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een fiecare jude\u021b din Rom\u00e2nia, fiind u\u0219or de v\u0103zut \u00een zonele umede, at\u00e2t la nivelul m\u0103rii, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een mun\u021bi. Cel mai des, prim\u0103vara sunt observa\u021bi \u00een apropierea b\u0103l\u021bilor, deoarece intr\u0103 \u00een… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1023,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,18],"tags":[33,21,20,45,53,15],"class_list":["post-1018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecosistem","category-zagan","tag-accidente-rutiere","tag-accidente-incidente-rutiere","tag-amfibieni","tag-animale-salbatice","tag-triton","tag-zagan"],"yoast_head":"\nTritonul, mit sau realitate? - EnCaRe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tritonul, un amfibian aproape ne\u0219tiut publicului dar este \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een fiecare jude\u021b din Rom\u00e2nia, fiind u\u0219or de v\u0103zut \u00een zonele umede.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ecosistematica.org\/index.php\/2023\/04\/07\/tritonul-amfibieni\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tritonul, mit sau realitate? 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